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- Metals are removed because they can deposit on catalysts and in engines.
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Olefins are transformed into stable paraffinic hydrocarbons. Olefins are volatile and unstable, and they are not desirable in fuels.Most oxygen in distillation cuts is not present as oxygen gas, but bonded to hydrocarbons. Oxygen is reacted with hydrogen and eliminated as water.Nitrogen is typically treated with hydrogen gas and transformed into ammonia gas.It is present in nearly all crude oil feedstocks as sulfur mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, polysulfides, and thiophenes. Sulfur is the most critical compound to remove.Hydrotreating (1) is an efficient method to remove several compounds, including:
This helps reduce sulfur dioxide emissions that are formed when the fuels are combusted. Hydrotreating processes are standard in refineries primarily to remove sulfur from refined petroleum fuels. One of the most common issues is nickel catalyst poisoning by sulfur, which is chemisorbed in catalytic beds. Contaminants can affect the performance of downstream unit operations, catalysts, or even engines. Hydrotreatment also helps to satisfy final product specifications. Hydrotreatment processes reduce the impurity content of petroleum products, which increases the efficiency of the fuels and reduces the production of harmful combustion byproducts such as NOx and SOx ( Figure 2). In addition, they must comply with environmental policies that increasingly limit the amount of sulfur and other impurities in fuels. Petroleum refineries transform crude oil into useful fuels and products while satisfying technical, government, and safety requirements. It describes how the hydrotreatment process differs between these two distillation cuts, and looks forward to what’s next in hydrotreatment as environmental standards for fuels become increasingly stringent. This article explains the basics of hydrotreating processes, focusing on two of the most important petroleum products, naphtha and diesel oil. This general process flow diagram of a petroleum refinery includes several hydrotreating units. Some hydrotreated cuts may require additional processing to meet final product specifications. The process converts undesirable aromatics, olefins, nitrogen, metals, and organosulfur compounds into stabilized products. During hydrotreating, crude oil cuts are selectively reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst at relatively high temperatures and moderate pressures. Hydrotreating or hydrodesulfurization refers to a set of operations that remove sulfur and other impurities ( Figure 1). Most products of crude and vacuum distillation in refineries contain a significant amount of sulfur that must be removed prior to further processing or use. Hydrotreating processes are becoming increasingly important as refineries work to meet more stringent environmental guidelines. Challenges and the future of hydrotreating.